Abstract Background Altruistic anti-predatory behaviours pose an evolutionary problem because they are costly to the actor and beneficial to the recipients. Altruistic behaviours can evolve through indirect fitness benefits when directed toward kin. The altruistic nature of anti-predatory behaviours is often difficult to establish because the actor can obtain direct fitness benefits. ... https://www.nacrack.com/hot-choice-Open-Box-Verona-Wig-by-BelleTress-Heat-Friendly-Synthetic-Hair-Average-Cap-Buttered-Toast-R-great-buy/